Near-ambient-pressure X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (NAP-XPS) is a relatively new form of XPS which is rapidly finding wide-spread usage. NAP-XPS systems feature extraction optics with multiple stages of differential pumping that…

In recent years there has been increasing interest in photoelectron spectroscopy using X-ray sources with energies higher than Al Kα. Currently there are few reference spectra for materials using these…